I, Robot.

One of Igor’s former masters had made a tick-tock man, all levers and gearwheels and cranks and clockwork. Instead of a brain, it had a long tape punched with holes. Instead of a heart, it had a big spring. Provided everything in the kitchen was very carefully positioned, the thing could sweep the floor and make a passable cup of tea. If everything WASN’T carefully positioned, or if the ticking, clicking thing hit an unexpected bump, then it’d strip the plaster off the walls and make a furious cup of cat.

 

Terry Pratchett, Thief of Time 

I'm so excited - we're getting a robot!

Okay, it's a second hand robot, but still, it's a robot.  Karli's mother and stepfather are replacing their Roomba™, and they're letting us have their old model. 

Robots have been a mainstay of the science fiction vocabulary from the beginning, although they lacked their unique and distinctive name until 1920, when the word "Robot" entered the English language.  It's taken from the play R.U.R  (Rossum's Universal Robots) written by Czech author Karel Čapek: the word "robot" is derived from the word for "worker" in Czech, or perhaps a more accurate translation is "serf" or "slave", there's a sense of servitude to it.  

Čapek's play was a morality story dealing with the creation and oppression of an artificial race that eventually rises up and wipes out humanity.  In current science fiction terminology, I'd define Dr. Rossum's creations as androids rather than robots, they're artificial self-aware entities that resemble humans rather than programmable mechanical constructions. 

This is an important distinction: over time, the line between artificial intelligence and robots has become blurred to the point where they're considered to be synonymous, whereas in actuality, a robot is almost the opposite of artificial intelligence.  As per Terry Pratchett's tick-tock man, a robot is restricted to its programming. That programming can be very detailed and cover a wide range of eventualities, but ultimately, if something happens that isn't covered by the program, a robot can't extrapolate to a solution - and you end up with a furious cup of cat.

The company that manufactures the Roomba™ line is called iRobot, and I'm a little surprised that they haven't run into copyright issues - not from Apple, who have a pretty firm grip on the lower case "i" prefix, but from the estate of Isaac Asimov regarding his 1950 novel I, Robot.* 

If robotic science fiction has a patron saint, it's Asimov. Countless other science fiction authors have utilized robots in their stories, but Asimov is best known for having created a kind of mechanical morality for robots:  the Three Laws of Robotics, first used in his 1942 short story Runaround.

The Three Laws are as follows:

First Law
A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

Second Law
A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

Third Law
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

It's an interesting attempt to create an ethical structure for machines, but in most of Asimov's robot stories, the result tends to be the digital equivalent of neurosis or insanity, as robot after robot is rendered inoperative by conflicts between the Three Laws.  (In the original story, a robot sent to get life-saving supplies from a dangerous location ends up running in circles when the Laws achieve mathematical balance in its programming.)

The Laws also have a strong feeling of  "slavery and servitude", as per Jean-Luc Picard's defense of Lieutenant Commander Data's freedom to choose in the second season of Star Trek: The Next Generation.  Imagine being programmed so that self-preservation is only the third priority on your list!

- Sid

* To be completely accurate, it's not really a novel, it's a collection of previously published short stories combined through a loose narrative plot about the history of robots. And we're just not going to talk about the unfortunate movie version.

Victorious III: DALEKS!

When I received Colin’s gift card and suggestion regarding the Doctor Who Time Lord Victorious event, I’d already been following part of the event without knowing it - I've been watching Daleks!, a five-part animated series that started on the Doctor Who YouTube™ channel in November.

The story begins with the Daleks attacking Islos, home to the Archive of Islos, as the next victim in their ongoing objective of universal Dalek domination.  To save what is left of their civilization from the threat of Dalek destruction, the Archivians agree to surrender the Archive, but when the Daleks arrive, the Archives are empty except for the robotic Archivians and an enigmatic portal.  

 

The Chief Archivian explains that the population of the planet has been evacuated through the portal along with the contents of the Archive, leaving the Daleks with nothing.  Infuriated by this betrayal, the Daleks destroy the remaining Archivians, but the Chief Archivian reveals that the portal was provided by an ancient race that lives outside of time. In exchange for their help, the Archivians have offered them the Dalek race - at which point the Entity, a deadly energy being from another dimension, floods through the portal and attacks the Daleks.

The Daleks flee, but they are helpless against the Entity. With the Dalek fleet destroyed and their home planet of Skaro in ruins, the Dalek Emperor seeks allies to prevent the extinction of the of his species.  Aided by the war-scarred Prime Strategist of the Daleks, the Emperor finds reluctant help from the Mechanoids, who scornfully agree to assist their defeated foes.

I enjoyed the series, although I can see that it might not be to everyone's taste.  After decades of watching the Doctor struggle against the Daleks, it's hard to develop any sympathy for them, even as their species is brought to the brink of extinction.  The animation isn't elaborate, although its lack of subtle textures and softened lighting effects does lend itself to the mechanical cast - which may itself be a barrier to some viewers.  The series is notable for its complete lack of organic characters: the entire dramatis personae is composed of Daleks, the Archivians of Islos, the Mechanoid civilization, and the Entity. 

However, the series is very well executed, with an excellent range of voice talent from Doctor Who, including, of course, Nicholas Briggs, the long-time voice of the Daleks.  It's also an intriguing addition to Dalek canon, a sort of grace note to their frequent appearances as enemies of the Times Lords and the Doctor in particular. 

As with the Tom Baker Big Finish audio production, the connection to the Time Lord Victorious event is not obvious, other than a parting suggestion that a far deadlier foe awaits the Daleks - presumably the Doctor, but we'll see what revelations are still to come from my purchases from the rest of the event.

- Sid

 

"Keep looking up."

"How cool is that!?"

Bill Nye, CEO of The Planetary Society

I've been a member of the Planetary Society for almost five years now.  I make a modest monthly contribution, I own a couple of themed t-shirts, and I receive the weekly Downlink update in my IN box every Friday, but to be honest, I haven't really felt connected.  To be fair, that's my fault - there are occasionally local activities that I could attend, but I'm a bit too introverted to feel comfortable with that sort of thing. 

However, in one of those odd silver-lining pandemic moments, tonight I had the pleasure of sitting in on the Planetary Society 2020 Impact Report meeting.  Under normal circumstances, that would have required a plane ticket and a hotel stay, but, as with the Game of Thrones FX session that I attended last March, this time it was bare feet and a comfortable chair in my spare bedroom.

In attendance at the e-meeting were Chief Operating Officer Jennifer Vaughn, Chief Advocate Casey Dreier, Chief Scientist Bruce Betts, Planetary Radio podcast host Mat Kaplan, Chief Executive Officer Bill Nye, and newly elected* Society President and Professor of Planetary Science at Caltech, Bethany Ehlmann. 

As always, Bill Nye was an exuberant and energetic presence, but the new President was impressively excited and pasionate as well, and her position at Caltech gives her an unexpected sort of Big Bang Theory street cred - it's not hard to imagine her doing a cameo if the show was still in production.

The session had a sort of cheerfully casual feeling to it - the new president seemed to have set up her laptop in the corner of her living room. and dogs barked in the background while Chief Scientist Bruce Betts discussed some of the Society's accomplishments in 2020. 

I'm impressed by the manner in which the Planetary Society is spending my modest monthly contribution (and the contributions of over 50,000 other members around the world).  

The mission of the Planetary Society is to "empower the world’s citizens to advance space science and exploration".  This goal is accomplished through a combination of education, advocacy, collaboration and invention.  The Society's crowdfunded Lightsail 2 spacecraft is a primary example:  as its name suggests, it's a proof of concept orbiter that relies on photonic energy for propulsion - more poetically, it flies on the wind from the Sun.  Lightsail 2 successfully celebrated a year in orbit in June, and is now on an extended mission to provide more data on the practical aspects of solar sailing technology.   

The Society also provided seed money for projects like the PlanetVac, an elegantly simple low-cost sampling technology designed to be mounted on exploratory spacecraft.  The system uses a blast of compressed gas to blow material from the surface into a collecting cylinder mounted on the ship's landing leg.

Other projects funded by the Society are the "100 Planets" exoplanet search, and the Shoemaker Near Earth Object Grant, which funds advanced amateur astronomers* in searching for previously undiscovered asteroids and plotting their courses to determine if there's a possibility of an impact with Earth.

The Society also advanced its overall goal of being influential, of speaking on behalf of science and space exploration in the areas of government advocacy and policy, conducting more than 300 phone and web meetings with NASA, Congress, the Pentagon, and international space agencies over the course of 2020.  On the public front, it expanded its mission of inspiring and informing through an expanded website offering, the weekly Downlink newsletter, and virtual events like this one.

I'm pleased to be a member of the Planetary Society - as Bill Nye commented, we have to keep looking up, and it's obvious that the Society is dedicated to advancing and supporting the exploration of space in a way that would make founder Carl Sagan proud.

However, I have one critical comment - not necessarily a complaint, let's say a question of suitable accessories.  Bill, seriously, you need a more appropriate coffee cup for on-screen appearances - based on the logo on the bottom, it was a London Underground souvenir, and really, something more, I don't know, cosmic would seem to be in order.  My NASA mug was a birthday gift from the Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum in New York, but you're much much better connected than I am - I bet NASA would just give you one.

- Sid

* The new president wryly observed that the Society had "witnessed a peaceful transition of power with a free and fair election."  Yes, she's looking at you, Donald.

**It's made clear that the people involved are "amateurs" in the same sense that Olympic competitors are.